Molybdenite Processing

In molybdenite processing, the molybdenite is first heated to a temperature of 700 °C (1,292 °F) and the sulfide is oxidized into molybdenum(VI) oxide by air:

2 MoS2 + 7 O2 → 2 MoO3 + 4 SO

The oxidized ore is then either heated to 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) to sublimate the oxide, or leached with ammonia, which reacts with the molybdenum(VI) oxide to form water-soluble molybdates:

MoO3 + 2 NH4OH → (NH4)2(MoO4) + H2O

Copper, an impurity in molybdenite, is less soluble in ammonia. To completely remove it from the solution, it is precipitated with hydrogen sulfide.

Molybdenite 

Molybdenite 

Pure molybdenum is produced by reduction of the oxide with hydrogen, while the molybdenum for steel production is reduced by the aluminothermic reaction with addition of iron to produce ferro-molybdenum. A common form of ferro-molybdenum contains 60% molybdenum.

Molybdenum Crucible Applications

1.Description of Molybdenum Crucible

* Mo content: Over than 99.95%.
* Density: Over than 9.8g/cm3
* Diameter: 100-220 mm
* Height: 100-400 mm
* Temperature: 1100℃

Packing: Plastic inside and Wooden case outside

    Molybdenum Crucible

        Molybdenum Crucible

2.There are three technologies using in making molybdenum crucible, as following:

(1) pressing --> sintering --> tooling.
(2) pressing --> sintering --> forging --> tooling.
(3) sheets --> deep drawing --> tooling

3.Molybdenum Crucible Applications:

Molybdenum crucible is sintered or forged from the ultimate material——molybdenum powder. Generally speaking, molybdenum crucible is used pure molybdenum, for its purity can prevent melting metal powder from mingling. The density of molybdenum crucible is more than 9.8g/cm3, and its working temperature is among 1100℃. Therefore, it is another ring choice, besides tungsten crucible in metal melting industry.

Molybdenum crucible is widely used in metallurgical industry, rare earth industry, artificial crystal and machinery.

飞镖培训

Hanns教我们怎么玩飞镖，这可是一个很好玩的事呢！

首先呢，Hanns先生先介绍镧以下飞镖的主要结构以及相应部分的材质：

一支完整的飞镖包括镖羽、镖杆、镖筒以及镖尖。其中有些飞镖的镖羽上有加保护套；镖筒分为可旋开和不可旋开的，即可以对镖筒进行更加，或者加上装饰外套，镖筒的材质不一，有钨钢、铜、镀金等；镖尖分为软镖尖和硬镖尖，软镖尖需要较大的发力，更需要技巧。

接下来是介绍了标靶：

一般的标靶分为麻靶、木耙、以及橡胶靶材。其中较好的是海南和巴西产的麻靶。标靶的计分区分为三倍区、两倍区、单倍区、牛眼50分区以及25分区，靶心在垂直方向上离地距离是1.37m，水平距离为2.73m，在比赛时选手应不超过划定的界线。公司目前所有的是麻靶。

最后介绍的是飞镖的比赛规则：

中钨在线飞镖培训

铜镖

铜镖

钨钢镖

飞镖比赛

投掷飞镖以3镖为一轮，用手投出，每次投一镖，飞镖向镖盘投出离手后并超越了投掷线，就算投出一镖。飞镖应投在有效记分区内，飞镖投在镖盘以外，镖盘外沿，被镖盘弹回，投中后未及拔镖而掉落（或在镖盘停留未超过5秒钟，5秒钟是指第3支镖或最后一支镖投后），扎在前一支镖的镖杆上，均算投出一镖，且不得分。

任何人的手接触到镖盘上的飞镖，该轮就算结束，选手不必一定要投完3支镖再去拔镖（或破坏墙壁），计分员在3镖之间一定不能接触盘上的飞镖。选手自己、记分员或己方队友触到了镖，该轮比赛算结束，计算已投出镖的得分。对方触到了镖，该轮比赛也算结束，计算已投出镖的得分，罚对方空一轮比赛。

一般采用的是301和501的玩法，也就是双方谁的总分先满301或501即可获胜。

301

附属规则：可选择单/双靶心、正常/双倍入、正常/双倍/三倍出。

一局十轮，每位选手起始为301分，选手积分随投掷得分而递减，首先将分减为0者获胜，投中非双倍区/三倍区使积分减为0）为”爆镖”，发生爆镖后，取消该轮得分，同时结束本轮投掷，轮到下位选手投镖。

501

一局二十轮，每位选手起始为501分，选手积分随投掷得分而递减，首先将积分减为0者获胜，如十轮投掷完成后无选手将积分减为0，则积分最低者获胜。如果选手投中某镖后使积分减成无法结束游戏的分数（正常出积分<0；双倍出积分≤1；三倍出积分≤2或者在双倍/三倍出条件下，投中非双倍区/三倍区使积分减为0） ，称为“爆镖”，发生爆镖后，取消该轮得分，同时结束本轮投掷，轮到下位选手投镖。

最后，强调了玩飞镖时应注意的事项：

在他人投掷飞镖时切忌出现投掷区内或两侧；要确保三镖投掷完后才可上去拔镖；不可将飞镖长时间的留在标靶上，以防标靶的损坏

理论在于实践，接下来进行了一场飞镖比赛，时间虽然简短但是乐趣依然存在，通过这场比赛让我们更加地了解了飞镖的计分规则以及比赛发的技巧，受益匪浅。

最后，感谢Hanns先生的飞镖培训~

喷涂钼丝

终于完成了喷涂钼丝小网站的版本翻译，繁体、日语、韩语、法语、德语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、俄语还有土耳其语，共9个版本，126个页面，手指、脖子那个疆呀，酸呀~

翻译接近半天的的喷涂钼丝，那就来说说是什么是喷涂钼丝吧！

从字面上意思可以理解成表面喷涂上了一层东西的钼丝，这层东西就是石墨，那拆除石墨后，它就呈金属光泽。

喷涂钼丝

那喷涂钼丝是怎么伸产出来的呢?

一般呢，工厂都是以钼酸铵或者高纯氧化钼为原料来生产钼丝。

1.钼粉生产：以钼酸铵或者高纯氧化钼为原料，还原出钼粉；

2. 钼棒生产：将钼粉等静压加工后高温烧结成钼棒材；

3. 钼粗丝：将钼棒材高温轧制加工成5-6mm的粗丝

4. 钼细丝：将5-6mm的粗丝经过一道或者多道拉伸，生产出最终客户需要的尺寸的钼丝；

5.通过不同的喷涂方式生产出相应的喷涂钼丝。

喷涂钼丝有什么用途呢？

喷涂钼丝可以用来作为对遭受磨损汽车零部件，如活塞环，变速箱同步器零件，选择叉，机械零件，如维修用途，例如轴承等喷涂钼丝，表面涂层为轴承壳和轴由于缺乏钢层的附着力，无中间钼层。

钼的物理性质

今天主要学习和掌握了钼的物理性质，现将所学到的知识在这边和大家分享一下。

钼是一种银白色的的稀有金属，其原子序数为42，相对原子质量为95.94，密度为10.22g/cm3(20℃)。

高熔点和高沸点是钼的显著性特征之一，其熔点为2620℃，仅次于碳、钨、铼和锇。

钼的线膨胀系数为（5.8~6.2）*10-6，只是一般钢铁的1/3~1/2，于SiO2相近，线膨胀系数第使得钼材在高温下尺寸稳定，减少了破裂的危险。

钼的热导率是许多高温金属数倍，大约为铜的1/2。

钼坩埚

钼的电导率较高，约为铜的1/3，而且随着温度的升高而下降。

钼具有很高的弹性模量，是工业中的弹性模量最高者之一，而且受温度影响较小，甚至在800℃时仍高于普通钢在室温下的数值。

热中子捕获面小也是钼的重要性质之一，这是钼能用于核反应堆中心的结构材料。

钼的蒸汽压很低，蒸发速度也较小。

钼的延伸性能比钨好，易于压力加工，也可以加个成很薄的箔材和很细的丝材。

钼的硬度和强度极限比钨低，热膨胀系数于玻璃相近。

钼丝

黑钼丝

钼丝大致分为四种：

1.高强度钼丝：抗拉强度高，耐磨性好，使用寿命长；

2.冷拉钼丝：采用冷拉生产技术，强度高，表面光洁质量好； 

3.定尺钼丝：除具有高强度钼丝的特点外，还有长度固定，使用方便，利用率高的优点； 

4.高精度线切割钼丝（中走丝专用）：由于添加元素的作用，抗拉强度更高，耐磨性和使

用寿命更好。

钼丝常用规格：0.2mm、0.18mm、0.16mm、0.15mm、0.14mm、0.12mm、0.10mm（0.2mm

俗称20丝） 

钼丝

钼丝

纯钼丝用于高温电炉和电火花加工还有线切割加工；

钼片用来制造无线电器材和X射线器材；

钼耐高温烧蚀，主要用于火炮内膛、火箭喷口、电灯泡钨丝支架的制造；

合金钢中加钼可以提高弹性极限、抗腐蚀性能以及保持永久磁性等。

如果您对钼的丝或其他钼的相关产品可以访问钼合金网站：http://www.molybdenum-alloy.com/

Molybdenum Introduction

Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number is 42. 

The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores.  Molybdenum minerals have been known into prehistory, but the element was "discovered" (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth, but rather in various oxidation states in minerals. The free element, which is a silvery metal with a gray cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is in making many types of steel alloys, including high strength alloys and superalloys.

Molybdenum Alloy Boats

Molybdenum Alloy  Sheets

Molybdenum Alloy  Wire

Molybdenum Plate

Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water, but the molybdate ion MoO42− is soluble and forms when molybdenum-containing minerals are in contact with oxygen and water. Industrially, molybdenum compounds (about 14% of world production of the element) are used in high-pressure and high-temperature applications, as pigments and catalysts.

Molybdenum-containing enzymes are by far the most common catalysts used by some bacteria to break the chemical bond in atmospheric molecular nitrogen, allowing biological nitrogen fixation. At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes are now known in bacteria and animals, although only bacterial and cyanobacterial enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation, and these nitrogenases contain molybdenum in a different form from the rest. 

Owing to the diverse functions of the various other types of molybdenum enzymes, molybdenum is a required element for life in all higher organisms (eukaryotes), though not in all bacteria.

Molybdenum Catalysts

Molybdenum Catalysts Structure

Molybdenum-based catalysts have a number of important applications in the petroleum and plastics industries. A major use is in the hydrodesulfurisation (HDS) of petroleum, petrochemicals and coal-derived liquids. The catalyst comprises MoS2 supported on alumina and promoted by cobalt or nickel and is prepared by sullfiding cobalt and molybdenum oxides on alumina. 

As the world supply of crude oil is further extended and low-sulfur crudes become less available, Molybdenum-based catalysts will increase in use. Molybdenum not only allows for economical fuel refining but also contributes to a safer environment through lower sulfur emissions.

Molybdenum catalysts are resistant to poisoning by sulfur and, for example, catalyse conversion of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the pyrolysis of waste materials to alcohols in the presence of sulfur, under conditions that would poison precious metal catalysts. Similarly Mo-based catalysts have been used in the conversion of coal to hydrocarbon liquids.

 Molybdenum Disulfide Catalyst SEM

As a component of the bismuth molybdate selective oxidation catalyst molybdenum participates in the selective oxidation of, for example, propene, ammonia, and air to acrylonitrile, acetonitrile and other chemicals which are raw materials for the plastics and fibre industries. Similarly molybdenum in iron molybdate catalyses the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. 

Cobalt / Nickel-Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalyst

Cobalt-Molybdenum Hydrotreating Catalyst To Convert Organic Sulfur

Molybdenum Products

 This morning, my work is to detect molybdenun procducts  which were just finished production. 

If you are interested in following molybdenum products or other molybdenum alloy products, please feel free to contact us by email: sales@chinatungsten.com  biz@ctia.com.cn or by telephone:86 592 512 9696.

Molybdenum Rings

Molybdenum Foils

Molybdenum Shaped Pieces

Molybdenum Rings

Molybdenum Screws

Molybdenum Screws

Molybdenum Shaped Pieces

Molybdenum Rods

Molybdenum Plates

Molybdenum Physical Properties

In its pure form, molybdenum is a silvery-grey metal with a Mohs hardness of 5.5.

It has a melting point of 2,623 °C (4,753 °F) of the naturally occurring elements, only tantalum, osmium, rhenium, tungsten, and carbon have higher melting points. 

Weak oxidation of molybdenum starts at 300 °C. It has one of the lowest coefficients of thermal expansion among commercially used metals.

Molybdenum Application

Molybdenum Application

Molybdenum Application

The tensile strength of molybdenum wires increases about 3 times, from about 10 to 30 GPa, when their diameter decreases from50–100 nm to 10 nm.

You can visit the following links for more information about  molybdenum.

Molybdenum News：http://news.molybdenum.com.cn/en/

EU Requests WTO Panel Against China's Export Restrictions On Tungsten

The European Union requested the establishment of a dispute settlement panel at the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning China's export restrictions on rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum. This follows EU efforts to find a solution with China, including through formal WTO consultations that were held in April. The EU, together with its partners in the case - the United States and Japan, will therefore proceed to the next step in WTO litigation in order to seek compliance by China with its international obligations.

"China's restrictions on tungsten and other products are a violation of China's WTO commitments and continue to significantly distort global markets, creating a disadvantage for our companies" said EU Trade Commissioner Karel De Gucht. "Despite the very clear ruling earlier this year of the WTO in the first raw materials case, Beijing has not taken steps to remove these export restrictions. We regret that we are left with no other choice but to solve this through litigation."

On 13 March this year EU, US and Japan requested consultations with China on their export restrictions of various raw materials including rare earths. Despite these formal consultations which took place in Geneva and the WTO ruling on similar measures, there have been no signals from China that it would remove the restrictions.

Tungsten Concertrate

Tungsten

Tungsten Product

Tungsten Products

Tungsten Products

Tungsten Product

China imposes a set of export restrictions, including export duties, export quotas and additional requirements that limit access to raw materials for companies outside China. These measures significantly distort the market and favour Chinese industry at the expense of companies and consumers in the EU and globally.

The EU considers that these restrictions are in violation of general WTO rules and also of China's specific commitments on export duties that China undertook when acceding to the WTO. Earlier this year, the WTO confirmed the EU's claim that China's export restrictions on a different set of raw materials were incompatible with WTO rules.

The EU appreciates the environmental challenges linked to the mining of raw materials and encourages all countries to promote an environmentally friendly and sustainable policy for raw materials. However, the EU believes that export restrictions do not contribute to this aim; there are more effective environmental protection measures that do not discriminate against foreign industries.

You can visit the following links for more information about  tungsten .

Chinatungsten News ：http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/

Molybdenum Standards Library

Today my primary work is to upload the molybdenum relevant standards.

It is so many that I feel so tired, but I also get new knowledge from it, which makes me feel happy.

The main standards contain molybdenum powder,molybdenum sheet,molybdneum foil,molybdneum wire,ferro molydbenum,molybdenum alloy plate,molybdneum disulfide,molybdenum oxide block,molydbenum concertrate,molydbenum ammonium acid etc.. 

There are something about  tungsten, rare earth and other categories as well.

If you have any interest in the above information you can visite the following link to get more info.

Chinatungsten Online Library : http://i.chinatungsten.com/

Chinatungsten Online Library

Chinatungsten Online Library

钼国家标准文库

今天下午的工作主要是负责钼相关标准的上传工作，满满的都是标准呀。

有钼粉，钼圆片，钼箔，钼丝，钼铁，钼合金板，二硫化钼，氧化钼块，钼精矿，钼酸铵，等等，还有钨，稀土等其他类别，有兴趣的可以去看一看哦！中钨在线文库网

中钨在线文库网

中钨在线文库网

乳腺钼钯

乳腺钼钯X线检查方法:

钼靶X线仪器

一、乳腺摄影的成像原理

    利用软X线对乳腺组织进行投照，通过胶片进行感光，经过显影，定影等程序进行成像。

二、乳腺X线机的主要设备：X线球管  乳腺压迫装置  滤线栅  操作台

1、钼靶X线球管：是获取乳腺高对比图像的主要决定因素。一般的钼靶X线机，球管的阳极钯面是钨，产生的波长为0.008~0.031nm,波长短，穿透力强，为硬射线。

而钼靶材产生的波长为0.063~0.071nm,波长长，穿透力弱，为软射线。铑钯产生的波长介于两者间，穿透力较钼钯强。对致密型腺体显示效果优于钼钯。通常用的波长为0.008~0.05nm.

2、乳腺压迫装置作用：

1）适当压迫可减少散射线对检测物的对比度；

2）减少乳腺移动，使乳腺内结构离增感屏，胶片距离更近，降低图象的模糊度；

3）滤线栅  降低散射线和改善乳腺对比度。

三、投照方法：

1、患者体位拍片时可任意立位、坐位、侧卧位或俯卧位。一般取立位，因投照方便，但体位易移动而影响图像质量。可根据患者情况及特殊要求而选取合适的体位；

2、投照位置：可有轴位、侧位、侧斜位、局部点片及点片放大摄影等；

1）轴位（CC）：又称上、下位或头、足位。X线束自上向下投照；

2）侧位：又称内、外位；X线架旋转90度，将胶片置于乳腺的外侧，X线束自内向外投照。

3、侧斜位（MLO）：可分内外斜位和外内斜位。内外斜位是将胶片置于乳腺的外下方，X线束自乳腺内上方以45度投射向外下方；外内斜位则相反。一般以内外斜位投照多见；

4、局部点片和局部放大点片：作为一附加投照位置，有时有很大的价值。 一般在以下情况可进行投照此位：

a.临床触及硬物或肿块时，而X线片未能显示；

b.钼钯片疑有微小钙化而不能完全肯定时；

c.行乳管造影，疑有小分支导管病变时；

四、X线乳腺摄影图像质量的评价准则：

1、CC位投影：

  
1）诊断要求   成像的体位标准 胸肌在影像边界的、乳腺后脂肪组织的影像清晰显示、乳腺中间的组织、外侧组织的影像清晰显示、影像不显现、皮肤的褶皱、左右两侧的胸像成像清晰对称；

        
2）摄影条件的标准  观片灯下可以看到皮肤的轮廓 透过致密组织可以观察到脉管的结构 所有脉管、纤维肌和胸肌边缘都清晰显示  沿胸肌的皮肤结构所成的影像清晰明显；

2、乳腺内外斜位投影（MLO位）

1）诊断要求    成像的体位标准  胸肌的角度正常、可见乳房下角、乳腺外侧组织、乳腺后脂肪组织、胸部组织和/或标定的乳头影清晰明显、影像不明显皮肤皱裙、胸部左右两侧成像清晰对称；

2）摄影条件标准： 在观片灯下可见皮肤轮廓、透过乳腺致密实质可见脉管结构、所有脉管和胸肌边缘清晰、沿胸肌的皮肤结构成像清晰。